A Textbook of Biotechnology is a comprehensive and student-friendly resource designed specifically for undergraduate students pursuing biotechnology and related life science disciplines. This textbook offers a clear, systematic introduction to the core concepts and modern techniques that define the field today. This textbook explains the core principles of biotechnology and its real-world applications?ranging from genetic engineering tools like DNA cutting, joining and cloning vectors, to advanced techniques such as gene cloning, DNA analysis and fingerprinting. Students will explore key areas like genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics, learning how computational tools manage complex biological data. The book provides in-depth coverage of topics such as molecular biology, tissue culture, agricultural biotechnology, gene therapy, drug design, probiotics and genetic engineering in plants, animals and microorganisms. It also introduces lab-based techniques like cryopreservation and cell culture, molecular mapping for genetic traits and the industrial use of microbes to produce antibiotics, vitamins, acids and single-cell proteins. Further, it discusses enzyme biotechnology, biomass as a renewable energy source, biogas production and environmental biotechnology for pollution control. The textbook concludes with crucial chapters on biosafety and intellectual property rights?ensuring students are aware of ethical and legal considerations in the field. Designed not only for undergraduate coursework but also for Civil Services and other competitive examinations, this book serves as both an academic foundation and a practical guide to the dynamic and evolving world of biotechnology.