Modern Biology is the second volume of the two-book series on biology, which builds upon relatively newer domains that diversified from the mainstream in the 20th century to become independent subjects. Focusing on advanced discoveries and technologies that shape our understanding of life, the book covers ten comprehensive units?Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Cancer Biology, Molecular Biology, Immunology, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics. It provides clear insights into molecular, cellular and genetic processes, along with their applications in medicine and technology. While some areas like biochemistry and microbiology overlap with classical biology, they are included here in line with university curricula. Designed as a one-stop resource for students of Life Sciences at colleges and Universities (BSc and MSc) as well as aspirants of exams such as CUET-PG, ICMR-JRF, DBT-JRF and CSIR-NET JRF, the book combines lucid explanations with supportive illustrations. By balancing theoretical concepts with practical applications, it aims to simplify complex topics and serve as a valuable companion throughout academic and professional journeys in the biological sciences.